Equine epizootic lymphangitis: A synopsis and current development

Authors: Ulrich Wernery, Sunitha Joseph, Jessika-M. Cavalleri and Fatma G. Al Mheiri

Ger. J. Vet. Res 2024. vol. 5, Iss. 1 pp:30-39
Doi: https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2025.1.0117

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Abstract:

Equine Epizootic Lymphangitis (EEL) is a highly infectious and contagious systemic fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum. It can affect all equids, but primarily horses and mules. Although the disease has been eradicated in many countries, it still exists in some Mediterranean countries, as well as in India, Pakistan, Japan, North Africa, and East Africa, notably Ethiopia. EEL is prevalent in rural, urban, and peri-urban areas where equids significantly contribute to the socioeconomic well-being of people who rely on these animals for their livelihood. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) classifies it as a listed disease due to its importance in economic and public health for countries involved in animal trade. Indeed, the disease can be transmitted through inhalation, ingestion, flies, fomites, and direct contact. The skin of equids typically becomes infected when the fungus enters through open wounds, which is the most common route of infection. Clinically, the disease presents in four forms: cutaneous, ocular (keratoconjunctivitis), respiratory (multifocal pulmonary lesions), and asymptomatic forms. The isolation is based on the isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum and serology; however, challenges arise due to the slow growth of the organism, which complicates isolation. Care must be taken to minimize contamination, as samples are primarily collected from abscesses, mucopurulent discharge, scabs, and tissues. This paper summarizes findings from various studies regarding the prevalence of EEL and its association with altitude and climate. In conclusion, implementing control measures is crucial for managing EEL. These measures include educating horse owners on the importance of regularly cleaning horse equipment, controlling flies, preventing wounds through proper harnessing, routine deworming, and protecting horses from feral dogs and hyena attacks.

Keywords:

Equine Epizootic Lymphangitis, Fungal disease, Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and control

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