An overview of ectoparasites in poultry, with particular attention to control challenges and prospects

Authors: Awad A. Shehata, Amr Abd El-Wahab, and Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco

Ger. J. Vet. Res 2025. vol. 5, Iss. 3 pp:94-106
Doi: https://doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2025.3.0150

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Abstract:

Poultry serve as hosts to a wide variety of ectoparasites, which belong to the phylum Arthropoda. This phylum is divided into two main classes: Arachnida and Insecta. Ectoparasites may remain on the host throughout their life cycle (permanent parasites) or infest the host only for short periods (temporary parasites). Their harmful effects largely depend on their feeding habits. Bloodsucking parasites such as ticks, red poultry mites, and fleas are particularly damaging, as are skin- and scale-feeding species, including various mites and feather lice. Infestations can cause a wide range of health problems in poultry, including anemia, restlessness, itching, feather loss, decreased productivity, and even respiratory disorders. Moreover, many of these parasites can act as vectors of infectious diseases. Poor hygiene and inadequate management practices greatly increase the risk of ectoparasite infestations. The effective control of ectoparasites in poultry remains a critical challenge due to the limitations of conventional chemical treatments, the emergence of resistance, and concerns over environmental and food safety. As the poultry, industry seeks more sustainable and efficient solutions, integrating alternative strategies, such as biological agents, botanical pesticides, physical methods, and novel compounds, offers promising avenues for long-term management. A shift toward integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks that emphasize prevention, reduced chemical reliance, and multi-modal interventions is essential. Continued investment in research, regulatory support, and cross-sector collaboration will be pivotal in developing safe, practical, and economically viable control strategies that safeguard both poultry health and public health. This review provides an overview of the major ectoparasites affecting poultry, their impact on health and productivity, and current strategies for controlling and preventing them.

Keywords:

Biological control, Insects, Lice, Mites, Northern fowl mite, Red mite, Scaly-leg mite, Tick

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