Viral integration into host genomes and virus–virus interactions: Implications for epidemiology, disease prevention, and therapeutic strategies

Authors: Aziza Mahrous Amer, Awad A. Shehata, Mohamed Mahrous Amer

Arch.Life.Sci.Res. 2026. vol. 2, Iss. 1 pp:58-64
Doi: https://doi.org/10.51585/alsr.2026.1.0013

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Abstract:

Genetic interactions among viruses, including recombination, reassortment, pseudotyping, and genomic integration, are central to the epidemiology of poultry diseases. These mechanisms promote the emergence of novel viral strains and influence host-pathogen relationships. Virus–virus interactions, such as recombination and reassortment, rapidly generate genetic diversity during co-infection. In contrast, the integration of viral sequences into the host genome constitutes a distinct pathway for long-term viral persistence. Integration may occur via retroviral mechanisms or non-homologous end-joining, as observed in DNA viruses such as avian herpesviruses. These events can result in latency, vertical transmission, or oncogenic transformation, thereby affecting viral maintenance and the potential for outbreaks in poultry populations. Additionally, such genomic changes may facilitate zoonotic transmission, increasing risks to human health. Elucidating the relationship between stable genomic integration and transient genetic exchange is essential for improving surveillance, biosecurity, and the development of advanced vaccines. Exploring genetic resistance to viral integration within the chicken genome represents a promising approach to sustainably enhance poultry health and productivity.

Keywords:

Epidemiology, Gene therapy, Genetic resistance, Host genome integration, Prevention, Vaccines, Viral integration, Virus–virus interactions

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